![]() The results suggest that MEL and FLU were equally effective at providing post-operative analgesia however, even with NSAID administration, acute pain and inflammation were still present in surgical sheep compared to non-surgical controls. ![]() Behavior and physiologic outcome measures were collected pre-procedure and up to 48 h post-procedure. A third group of ewes did not undergo surgery and served as study controls (CON). In this study, sheep undergoing a laparotomy (a surgical procedure where an incision is made into the abdominal cavity) were treated with either MEL or FLU to manage pain. Pain assessment tools, such as facial grimace scales, which use changes in facial expression to monitor pain, are also needed to improve pain management and sheep welfare. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as meloxicam (MEL) and flunixin meglumine (FLU), are the most common drug class provided to livestock species to manage pain. This is, in part, due to the limited amount of scientific data evaluating sheep pain responses after analgesia treatment.
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